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A number of film adaptations of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' have been made over the years. Most of these movies were created during the silent film era (with ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' being the most-filmed story of that time period).〔(Uncle Tom's Cabin on Film ), Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007.〕 Since the 1930s, Hollywood studios have considered the story too controversial for another adaptation (although one foreign film and a made-for-TV movie have been created). Characters, themes and plots from ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' have also influenced a large number of other movies, including ''Birth of a Nation'' (1915), while also inspiring numerous animated cartoons. ==Silent film versions== ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' was the most-filmed story of the silent film era〔(Uncle Tom's Cabin on Film ), Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007.〕 with at least nine known adaptations between 1903 – 1927. This popularity was due to the continuing popularity of both the book and "Tom shows", meaning audiences were already familiar with the characters and the plot, making it easier for the film to be understood without spoken words.〔(Uncle Tom's Cabin on Film ), Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007.〕 *A 1903 version of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' was one of the earliest "full-length" movies (although "full-length" at that time meant between 10 and 14 minutes).〔(The First Uncle Tom's Cabin Film: Edison-Porter's Slavery Days (1903) ), Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007.〕 This film, directed by Edwin S. Porter, used white actors in blackface in the major roles and black performers only as extras. This version was evidently similar to many of the "Tom Shows" of earlier decades and featured a large number of black stereotypes (such as having the slaves dance in almost any context, including at a slave auction).〔(The First Uncle Tom's Cabin Film: Edison-Porter's Slavery Days (1903) ), Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007.〕 *Another film version from 1903 was directed by Siegmund Lubin and starred Lubin as Simon Legree. While no copies of Lubin's film still exist, according to accounts the movie was similar to Porter's version and reused the sets and costumes from a "Tom Show."〔("Duping" Porter: Sigmund Lubin's Production (1903) ), Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007.〕 *In 1910, a 3-Reel Vitagraph Company of America production was directed by J. Stuart Blackton and adapted by Eugene Mullin. According to ''The Dramatic Mirror,'' this film was "a decided innovation" in motion pictures and "the first time an American company" released a dramatic film in 3 reels. Until then, "full-length" movies of the time were 15 minutes long and contained only one reel of film. The movie starred Florence Turner, Mary Fuller, Edwin R. Phillips, Flora Finch, Genevieve Tobin, and Carlyle Blackwell Sr.〔(The 3-Reel Vitagraph Production (1910) ), Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007.〕 *Another 1910 version by the Thanhouser Company was directed by Barry O'Neil, starred Frank Hall Crane as Uncle Tom, Anna Rosemond as Eliza, Marie Eline as Little Eva, and Grace Eline as Topsy. *A 1913 release was directed by Otis Turner and adapted by Allan Dwan. It starred Edward Alexander, Margarita Fischer, Harry A. Pollard, Iva Shepard and Gertrude Short. *Another 1913 release was directed by Sidney Olcott and starred Anna Q. Nilsson. *A 1914 version was directed by William Robert Daly. It was adapted Edward McWade from the play adaptation by George L. Aiken. It starred Sam Lucas, Teresa Michelena, Marie Eline (again), Roy Applegate and Boots Wall. This was the first "white" film to have an African-American star. This version was added to the National Film Registry in 2012.〔King, Susan. ("National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation " ) ''Los Angeles Times'' (December 19, 2012)〕 * ''Birth of a Nation'' (1915) deliberately used a cabin similar to Uncle Tom's home in the film's dramatic climax, where several white Southerners unite with their former enemy (Yankee soldiers) to defend what the film's caption says is their "Aryan birthright." According to scholars, this reuse of such a familiar cabin would have resonated with, and been understood by, audiences of the time.〔''Playing the Race Card: Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O. J. Simpson'' by Linda Williams, Princeton Univ. Press, 2001, page 115. Also (H. B. Stowe's Cabin in D. W. Griffith's Movie ), Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007.〕 *A 1918 version was directed and adapted by J. Searle Dawley. It starred Marguerite Clark (as both Little Eva ''and'' Topsy), Sam Hardy, Florence Carpenter, Frank Losee and Walter P. Lewis. *A 1927 version was directed by Harry A. Pollard (who'd played Uncle Tom in the 1913 release of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''). This two-hour movie spent more than a year in production and was the third most expensive picture of the silent era (at a cost of $1.8 million). Black actor Charles Gilpin was originally cast in the title role, but was fired after the studio decided his "portrayal was too aggressive." James B. Lowe then took over the character of Tom. One difference in this film from the novel is that after Tom dies, he returns as a vengeful spirit and confronts Simon Legree before leading the slave owner to his death. Black media outlets of the time praised the film, but the studio—fearful of a backlash from Southern and white film audiences—ended up cutting out controversial scenes, including the film's opening at a slave auction (where a mother is torn away from her baby). The story was adapted by Pollard, Harvey F. Thew and A.P. Younger, with titles by Walter Anthony. It starred James B. Lowe, Virginia Grey, George Siegmann, Margarita Fischer, Mona Ray and Madame Sul-Te-Wan.〔(Universal Super Jewel Production (1927) ), Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Film adaptations of Uncle Tom's Cabin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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